Functions Of A Discourse Community - 1511 Words

Discourse communities are all around us, which can include a sports team, academics, and many others. However today I am focusing on a discourse community that relates to my major, criminal justice. In order for me to understand swales six characteristics I interviewed a homicide detective relating to criminal justice. A discourse community is a group of people involved in and communicating about a particular topic, issue, or in a particular field. A discourse community is defined by six characteristics. The six defining characteristics of a discourse community require a set of common goals, there must also be mechanisms of communications within the community as well as feedback among members. Genre, the fourth characteristic, describing the various methods of output. The last two are terminology, and expertise. In order to really understand that criminal justice is a discourse community, I had to do research, and interview an expert in the field. To be a part of a discourse communit y, one must be credible, possess factual knowledge and draw on the values of its members to be accepted into the community. At the same time a person must learn typical ways people in that community communicate and argue. They share a certain genre which is a type of writing. Members of discourse communities provide information and feedback that are imperative in order for that discourse community to grow. My interviewee, Carol Mims, is a child homicide detective. She is an alumni here atShow MoreRelatedTransferring Knowledge907 Words   |  4 Pagesto transfer knowledge that has been gained to other events in our lives. Learning about the structures of discourses and how writing is constructed specifically to the context by which the writing is produced in is a very valuable skill which can be transferred to many other situations I may face in my future. The process by which writing is begun, knowing how discourse communities function, and understanding the metacognitive approach to writing will serve useful in my future in future courses,Read MoreThe Mysteries Of Molecular Medicine And Genetics916 Words   |  4 Pagescommunicate with other researchers to convey the findings. A research article mainly functions to answer the primary research problem. However, the  findings can also raise new research questions. It serves to build a-priori reasoning for future research. Meaning that this genre’s findings, if  the article is successfully published, are viewed as predicates  for new research questions and experiments. It also serves a function similar to a fishing hook for potential investors who feel that future work onRead MoreThe Molecular Medicine And Genetics Community940 Words   |  4 Pages a discourse community is deemed distinct for its members share a common goal, for how they utilize specific genres and lexis, and how they provide a specific kind of information to a specific audience. Genre are the means of communicating a specific k ind of information to a specific audience. Anne Beaufort shares that in order for a â€Å"product† to be competent conceptual comprehension of her five knowledge domains is necessary (Beaufort 7). These five knowledge domains are: discourse community knowledgeRead MoreEducation Is Influenced By A Trial And Error System1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough environment, sponsors and communities. Education is influenced by a trial and error system that is tested by the person who is being educated. Sponsors can be a great influence in one’s life for and what someone learns. Discourse communities are created through similar interests and goals within a group of people. Writing and Rhetoric has been able to help me look at the larger picture of how writing affects your work. With the influence of communities and sponsors, many different peopleRead MoreThe Practice Of Nursing Profession Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesNursing profession began in the ancient history, Phoebe was known as the first nurse which was mentioned in the religious communities. A discourse community is a part of many different arguments. The profession of nursing can qualify for this proposition. A career in the field of nursing has a wide variety of different positions in the medical arena. Nurses today can choose flexible schedule to fit their families needs and they are very in demand especially male nurses everywhere in the world withRead MorePharmacy Technicians: A Specialized Discourse Community1281 Words   |  6 PagesPharmacy Technicians: A Specialized Discourse Community Overview of pharmacy technicians: Do they fit the criteria of a discourse group? When doctors prescribe medication for their patients, a local retail pharmacy is most likely to be utilized to fill the order. However, there is a growing population of older Americans that are no longer able to live independently and must reside in nursing homes or assisted living facilities. In order for this vulnerable population to receive their medicationsRead MoreReflection Of A Discourse Community1587 Words   |  7 Pagesjoin a discourse community. But we I was around the age of fifteen I joined the basketball team, and ever since then it became my discourse community. In this paper, I’m going to explain how the team was a discourse community to me. And what roles we did to become a discourse community. Many people say basketball is all about winning games. But its more than that, I’ve learned many concepts in the game of basketball I’m going demonstrate what made my basketball team a discourse community. DefinitionRead MoreAnalysis Of Anne Beaufort s Words, A Better, Product1599 Words   |  7 Pagesill-prepared writers, incompetent and limited to one discourse community. i.e. bad â€Å"products.† However, English 3010 is a course for upper-level students, and the emphasis is on conducting research by drawing from the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and professions in preparation for Writing Intensive courses in the majors and beyond. In relation to the course learning outcomes, the works I have done have been majorly about Discourse, discourse communities, genres, writing expertise, research questionsRead MoreImportance Of Technical Sales808 Words   |  4 Pagesart of salesmanship. One major factor of in this discourse community is the ability to communicate ideas and products effectively to members outside of the salesman discourse. With a background in both engineering and interpersonal communications, sales engineers are able to bring common ideas and relatable solutions to problems experience by those they are attempting to sell to. This traits of being able to communicate outside one’s own discourse is often taught through observation. Younger salesRead MoreAbnormal Behavior As Its Own Discourse Community1345 Words   |  6 PagesAbnormal Behavior as its own discourse community. Introduction: In order to fully understand Psychology as a discourse community, I have decided to research the Abnormal behavior branch; which is a study in the psychology field. I will then correlate that information to that of the psychology discourse community. Which will allow me to not only evaluate the Abnormal behavior branch, using both Swales and Pratt’s texts. Finally, I will most likely come to the conclusion based on my research, that

Evaluation Of A Good Performance Management System Essay

In order for a good performance management system to work every employee in the organization needs to understand what is expected of them, are focused on work that supports organizational goals and priorities. Organizations need to make sure that employees are properly rated and acknowledged for their contributions; and employees should know how their performance will be measured. It is a good idea for employees to participate in developing their performance objectives so that there is a mutual understanding of expectations from the beginning. Performance plans, including performance objectives are approved once managers have reviewed them and the plans are communicated to employees. Every performance management plan should be relevant and include measures that matter to the organization and clearly relate to the activity being measured. Measures should be understandable, clear, concise, and easy to comprehend, this includes the language used and the technical aspects of the measure such as the scale used in charts or selection of performance targets. Timely measures have statistics accessible frequently enough to have value in making decisions. Comparable measures have enough information to tell if performance is getting better, worse or staying about the same, they also provide a frame of reference or context to tell if current performance is meeting or exceeding expectations. Measures must be dependable have information that is supportable, free from bias, and anShow MoreRelatedImplementing a Performance Evaluation System1343 Words   |  6 Pages Implementing a Performance Evaluation System Job performance is one of the most important factor in both organizational psychology and human resource management, for the last decade there have been growing interest in the development of knowledge about performance measurements in organizations, researchers have covered a wide range of areas surrounding the subject, like identification of problems and different approaches to measure performance. In organizationalRead Moresustaining employee performance1675 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Sustaining Employee Performance Christina Ladach, Ryan Smith, Angela Villella, Stephanie Wickline, and Jesus Yanez HRM 300 September 22, 2014 Robert Lacey IV Sustaining Employee Performance There is usually a multitude of different positions within an organization. The different positions are determined by the size of the organization. While many positions may have similar characteristics when it comes to performance and compensation many are also at opposite ends of the spectrumRead MorePerformance Evaluation and Social Networking1294 Words   |  5 Pageswhere they stand, then the performance evaluation may be unnecessary. This statement could not be more absurd. The premise of the statement is that performance evaluation relates to the people performing the tasks, that the people can be trusted at their word (Oh yeah, Im doing well, boss.) and that performance evaluation has no other role than to determine employee rewards systems. Performance evaluation plays a much bigger role in the companys strategic system than merely setting pay andRead MoreHuman Resources Management– Case Study1421 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resources Management– Case Study Human resource management refers to a series of human resources policies and the corresponding management activities. These activities include corporate human resources strategy, employee recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, compensation management, staff flow management, employee relationship management, employee safety and health management, etc. Namely: enterprise modern management method, is used to obtain (candidate)Read MoreFinancial Performance Of The Business Management1565 Words   |  7 PagesFinancial As the final results of the business management activities to be reflected by the financial situation of enterprises, so the enterprise financial evaluation methods as a fundamental evaluation system. BSC is not to deny the importance of setting financial data, but to correct may cause financial goals are not good achieveï ¼Å'due to too much emphasis on the traditional financial measures and ignore non-financial measure, making financial goals clearly, can better meet the need of enterpriseRead MoreEvaluation Of Evaluation And Performance Measurement907 Words   |  4 Pagesand Hawthorn (2012) second edition, Program Evaluation and Performance Measurement: An Introduction to Practice. Chapter 10 reviews performance measurements systems and how they are used, their effect and accountability. Evaluators and program managers and their connection is reviewed in Chapter 11. Additionally, how this connection is affected by the evaluation purpose and organizational contexts. Chapter 12 deals with the methodology of a good evaluation and points out that there has not been anRead MoreA Report On Tester Widget Inc. Performance Management1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this document is to establish and institute policies, procedures, and guidelines, delegate authorities and assign responsibilities regarding Tester Widget Inc. performance management. Tester Widget Inc. utilizes the pay-for-performance program. The pay-for-performance program, otherwise known as a pay pool, is one of the latest programs used to find out how to increase workforce motivation, job satisfaction, and production (Ibironke, Adeo, Hungbo, 2011 413-417). The focus of thisRead MoreOrganizational Behavior and Leadership Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagescontrolling aspect of management is the evaluation of the people that they are managing. The function of this process involves monitoring performance goals and has management taking corrective actions when necessary. Performance evaluatio ns can be described as the measurement of the performance of an employee related to defined measures, using an applicable performance goals and appropriate criteria that relates to the employees work in question. This paper will review the engineer’s evaluation in the givenRead MoreDeveloping a Performance Appraisal System1112 Words   |  5 Pagesraisal System Developing a Performance Appraisal System HSM/220 January 9, 2011 Dr. Karen Beard Developing a Performance Appraisal System Development of a performance appraisal system that is effective in a human service organization is of benefit for the organization and the employees. For a performance appraisal system to be effective, the system has to be strategic, designed to fit the specific needs of the organization, non-discriminatory, non-bias, with correct implementation and administrationRead MoreImpact of Reward System on Employee Performance1051 Words   |  5 Pages ERFORMANCE AND REWARD MANAGEMENT (DHRM 026) 2010 (2) From KeMUWiki Jump to: navigation, search FACULTY : BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES DEPARTMENT : BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION TIME : 2 HOURS [pic] INSTRUCTIONS Answer Question ONE and any Other TWO Questions [pic] Question 1 a) Define the term performance management. (5marks) b) Distinguish between Reward strategy and Reward policy giving examples of each. (15marks) c) Discuss the major components of reward management. (10marks) Question 2 a) As

Operational Plan Free Essays

Operational Planning What is it? The organisation has an operational plan that clearly states the actions to implement goals and strategies identified in the strategic plan. Your organisation has completed the strategic planning process. An operational plan details the actions required to implement each strategy, assigning responsibilities, setting timeframes, identifying resources required and indicating what difference the specific actions will make. We will write a custom essay sample on Operational Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now When developing your operational plan, ensure it is clear and able to be understood by all members of your organisationDeveloping the Operational Plan ·You will need to have at least one workshop to develop your operational plan with someone who will drive the process. This person is called a facilitator.  ·A facilitator is a person who has experience or training in running work groups. He or she guides the operational planning process, ensuring the actions and timeframes are pitched at the appropriate level. Your facilitator could be: (1) an outside specialist facilitator (2) a prominent member from your community who has experience facilitating developing plans in the past, or (3) a member of the Management Committee or staff member to facilitate the process.  ·It is very important the facilitator is trusted by the group. Each participant must feel comfortable to express their opinions. The most successful plans are those where all participants feel they have fully participat ed in the planning sessions and own the actions. Picking a good facilitator is the first step in successful planning.  ·The organisational plan is primarily the responsibility of staff, representatives from the Management Committee and community will help ensure it reflects the intent of the Strategic Plan. Goals and strategies from Strategic Plan to action  ·Goals and strategies that were identified in the strategic planning process will now be used for the operational or action planning process. Who is going to do what? When will they do it? What resources will they need and how will you know when the action has been completed successfully?  ·The strategic plan provides a framework for the operational planning process, but how do you turn your goals and strategies into actions and then into results to achieve these goals?  ·Make sure the actions are realistic. Does the organisation have the resources (personnel, physical facilities, training, equipment, funding, etc. ) required to do this activity? If not, how will we obtain them and if additional resources can’t be obtained, how o we adjust the activity in line with the resources available.  ·For each of the actions you need to identify the way to measure its success or otherwise. What differences will you see as a result of these activities? These are sometimes called outcomes or performance measures. These outcomes need to be measurable, preferably by numbers or timelines.  ·Finally, you need to have someone to be responsible to ensure the activity occu rs and the outcome is achieved. Who will do it?  ·A table can be one good way of recording this process. An example follows:Goal: Healthier people in our communityStrategy|Action/Activity|Who|When|Resources| Community awareness activities relating to health promotion|Open Day held on a quarterly basis to promote health issues|Indigenous Health Project Officer|June 2007|$ advertisingPromotional materials| Children are informed of health issues |Information sessions on health promotion at the local school on a monthly basis|Indigenous Health Worker|July 2007|Resources|  ·What has been described is the operational planning process. The results are made into either a booklet or a poster which is called the operational or action plan. This can then be used by the members of the organisation to follow the goals, strategies and proposed actions outlined in the operational plan.  ·It provides the organisation with a guide that can be monitored, reviewed and evaluated at regular intervals to ensure the organisation is implementing its strategic plan. Related Documents Strategic Planning Topic Guide [-0]Strategic Plan Template [-1]Operational Plan Template -2] References Business Plans for Dummies – Paul Tiffany Steven Peterson IDG Books World Wide Inc 1997 Developing Your Organisation For Queensland Incorporated Associations Queensland University of Technology, 2005 Monitoring Performance Improvement – M Tovey Prentice Hall 2001 Strategic Planning the Murri Way Kit – HACC Resource Unit 1997 Websites used for examples of Mission Statements and Goals Ernabella Arts from Powerhouse Museum web sit e http://www. phm. gov. au/hsc/paperbark/contemporary. htm Wal-Meta The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Public Sector Employment Development Unit http://www. wal-meta. qld. gov. au/aboutus/mission_statement. htm Batchelor Institute for Indigenous Tertiary Education http://www. batchelor. edu. au/public/documents. html [-0] – http://www. qld. gov. au/ngo/documents/VOICE/gov_accountability/topicguide/StrategicPlanning. rtf [-1] – http://www. qld. gov. au/ngo/documents/VOICE/gov_accountability/templates_samples/StrategicPlan. rtf [-2] – http://www. qld. gov. au/ngo/documents/VOICE/gov_accountability/templates_samples/OperationalPlan. rtf How to cite Operational Plan, Papers

Civil War In US Essay Example For Students

Civil War In US Essay The annexation of Texas to the United States and the gain of new territory by the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo aggravated the hostility between the North and South. The controversial issue of slavery in the new territories arose again along with many other political differences that needed to be resolved. In the midst of fear that the southern states might withdraw from the Union altogether, Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky created a series of five legislative enactments. These enactments, known as the Compromise of 1850, answer the question of whether slavery was to be sanctioned or prohibited in the newly acquired regions. The first two measures included the admission of California as a free state and abolition of slave trade in the District of Columbia. The third bill was the Fugitive Slave Laws of 1850, which provided for the return of runaway slaves to their masters. The terms of the fourth measure said that Utah and New Mexico become free to settlement by both slaveholders and abolitionists, superceding the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Finally, the fifth measure stated that Texas, a slave state, be awarded ten million dollars, further strengthening the south. William Henry Seward, among many others, including President Taylor, believed that the Union was not threatened. In addition, as a strong abolitionist Seward despised the very idea of the strict fugitive slave law and eagerly protested the proposed political equilibrium. First, the fugitive law denies to the black citizen all the safeguards of personal liberty, to render less frequent the escape of the bondman. Next, the organization of Utah and New Mexico into slave states in order to appease the South into staying with the Union is unconstitutional. This impracticable measure converts the Government from a national democracy, operating by a constitutional majority of votes, into a Federal alliance, in which the minority shall have a veto against the majority. Finally, these laws are quite unnecessary because the Union was not threatened. Despite his many speeches and unwavering opposition towards the Compromise of 1850, the U.S. Congress passed the laws during August and September 1850. Many people, in the north and south, hailed the compromise as a final solution to the question of slavery in territories. However, the never dying issue reemerged in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Finally, the gradual intensification of the hostility between free and slave states because of the compromise measures resulted in the brutal Civil War.

Mysteries Essays - Ghosts, Black Shuck, Humphrey Bogart, Free Essays

Mysteries There are many mysteries that question the mind, but none that can compare to the intrigue in the supernatural. Ghosts, goblins, poltergeists, Death Omens, curses, unexplainable phenomena, and hauntings; mysteries of the paranormal could go on and on. There are centuries of ghost stories and tales that have been passed down from generation to generation. From the Bermuda Triangle mysteries, phantoms of the ocean, ships, and glowing ghosts of little boys, to the curse of James' Deans' car, The Little Bastard and the Amityville Horror. A little background history of this bone-chilling horror may help one decide whether or not to believe in the existence of the beyond. Everywhere on earth and all through history, people have believed that there is more to the world than meets the eye. Behind the outward material appearance of things there is sensed something inward, immaterial, and probably invisible.(Cavendish 1) Apparitions of things have been seen all over the world. The definition of apparition, as given by Richard Cavendish, is the supernormal manifestation of people, animals, objects, and spirits. (Cavendish 25) In the ancient folklore of England and Europe, glowing ghosts of little boys who have been murdered by their mothers appear. This particular apparition portends ill luck and a violent death. The name radiant boys could have possibly originated in German folklore with the word kindermorderinn. However, there are numerous radiant boy stories in the Cumberland area of England. These boys seem to resemble a flame ; slightly orange with a glow about them. These ghosts have never been proved to have caused any ha! rm, they simply appear and disappear as mysteriously as they came. There has only been one claim that these radiant boys have attempted to cause harm or scare people. One account of the radiant boy apparition was in Knebworth, England when Edward Bulwer-Lytton stated that he had seen a strange glowing boy with long golden hair sitting in front of the fire. This boy then drew his finger and slid it across his throat three times. Later, however this story was proved to be false and just another attention-getting scheme by Edward Bulwer-Lytton.(Guiley 274) Another mind-boggling series of apparitions was the Legend of the Faceless Gray Man of Pawley's Island. The story has it that this faceless man appears just before hurricanes strike at Pawley's Island off the coast of South Carolina. In fact, this particular apparition has been credited with saving thousands of lives. Residents of the island believe him to be the ghost Percival Pawley who was the first to settle and name the island. Whatever the case may be, inhabitants of the island claim that this faceless phantom appeared just before the hurricanes of 1822, 1893, 1916, 1954, and 1955. (Guiley 115) A more recent ghost, and a female at that, was Resurrection Mary. Resurrection Mary is one of Chicago's most famous ghosts. This beautiful blonde, blue-eyed girl dressed in white has been reported in the Chicago environs since 1934, the year of her alleged death. Mary takes her name from Resurrection Cemetery where she is supposed to be buried. Her full name is unknown and her existence is unproved. According to legend Mary was killed one night in an automobile accident in 1934 after an evening of dancing at the Willowbrook Ballroom, formerly known as the O'Henry Ballroom. Her ghost was said to have begun making appearances in 1934. She would hitchhike, and request a ride to the O'Henry where she would dance the night away. After a fairytale evening of dancing, she would then request a ride home. She would give the driver vague instructions past Resurrection cemetery where she would mysteriously disappear. All of Mary's dance partners throughout the evening said tha! t she was quiet, aloof and with icy cold skin. The only evidence or proof of Resurrection Mary is old cemetery records of a Polish girl near Mary's age buried in that same cemetery. (Guiley 280) On different note, another type of supernatural mystery is the childhood fear of Bogart , or otherwise known as the Bogey Man. Believe it or not, there is actually belief of the bogey man in English folklore. The Bogart is abogey or type of hobgoblin that has habits like that of a poltergeist. Although at times the Bogart can be helpful and sociable with some people, but is most often mischievous, annoying and frightening. The Bogart is not a visible nuisance, but plays tricks on people, like pulling off their bedclothes. The Bogart hauntings are also accompanied by terrible noises or laughter. The Bogart is also known to be nasty and mean; these habits include scratching, punching and pinching, and even in some cases snatching people up and

Cultural Festivals in Thailand essays

Cultural Festivals in Thailand essays Thailands festivals are plentiful, but perhaps one of the most widely celebrated is the Loy Krathong Festival. The basis of this project is to learn the reasons behind this celebration, how it has changed over the years, and why. Although I have lived in Thailand for almost 9 years, a Western environment always surrounded me; therefore I had a lack of chance to satisfy my curiosities of the many Thai celebrations. I joined a visiting Thai friend in his celebration of Loy Krathong with his relatives and friends, where we dressed up in national Thai costume and floated the krathongs we made in Lake Mendota. The ceremony took place on October 31st, also known to the Thais as the full moon night of the twelfth lunar month. The people I celebrated with varied in age, gender, and experience. Some of these people live in Thailand but happened to come to Madison for vacation during Loy Krathong holidays. Some of them was born in the States and have never been back to Thailand before, whilst others were born in Thailand but are currently residing in the States. In order to maximize my understanding of this festival, I believed that it was important, despite how strange I felt, that I performed the same ritual tasks as is traditionally done. This included dressing in Thai national costume, making a krathong, and even learning how to dance traditional Thai dances. Informing people of my lack of knowledge of Loy Krathong aided me in their eagerness to tell me what the ceremony is all about and how it is traditionally done. During this celebration, I assumed the role of an observer, an interviewer, and a participant. This allowed me to view the ceremony with an etic perspective, as well as an emic one, which in turn, is significant in my understanding of the festival as well as its changes over time. As with many anthropologists, I didnt perform this fieldwork without encountering any difficulties. These problems mainly revolv...

Business research project Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business research project - Literature review Example This requires that we understand the challenges that affect tourism, for example, we must understand the trends that dictate demand and supply, the evolving external environment and the need to improve capacity of tourism organizations so that they are responsive to the demands of the diverse interests it serves. Tourism relies on a cycle known as the travel cycle, which entails dreaming, researching, booking, experiencing then sharing of the experience. Dreaming occurs especially on the web when the potential traveller or the tourist goes online in search of the means of travel. This could be through blogs, reviews or videos that inspire the potential travellers to travel. Researching then occurs when the would-be consumer or traveller narrows down on the travel options and make requests on information by querying. It is important as it enables the travel agent or tourist operators know the client’s path towards purchasing. Booking comes next through either online bookings or mobile bookings for air travel and hotel accommodation. In evaluation of future tourism, it is important for operators to device ways of enabling the consumers easily find; books the packages via any device mobile applications come in handy at this moment, and marketers must strive to take advantage of search advertising if they are to succeed. For example, Google has devised ways in which operators can add phone numbers to mobile advertisements for companies that own call centres. This in turn has made it easier for customers to book by just clicking on the Click to call ads. Experiencing enables customers to find concierge type information as they travel and can therefore acquire other types of services. This requires tourist operators to provide reliable access to the internet as they travel with your facilities and offer useful information for the tourists to experience and enjoy your services. Sharing of one’s experience inspires others who have not experienced the phen omenon to want to consume it. It is imperative to note that most travellers read reviews from others and tourist and travel operators must take the opportunity of being part of the conversation in the sharing of this information. Technology as applicable in the tourism industry has revolutionized it more than ever before as more people have become connected to each other with most people having access to information online on travel and tourist bookings. This requires the tourism industry players to adapt and upgrade their practices and skills to meet the growing demands of the customer. Technology can be used by tourism providers to market their products and services such as destinations and the attractions on offer. The information that is provided online is important to stimulate the researcher or the would-be tourist to travel and have good memories of the travel. To reach the traveller, the operators can make use of digital marketing through search engines, mobile phone applica tions or location based marketing. It is important to make the product appealing and have the best prices for the content placed in the internet. Having the requisite infrastructure to respond or meet the needs of the consumer is important for the tourism and travel operat

Failures of DRM and Digital content copyright Essay

Failures of DRM and Digital content copyright - Essay Example Additionally, according to Hombal & Prasad (2012, p. 237), the media must keep changing from one data format to another. Producers of digital materials ought to generate device-specific and product-specific licenses, which are only issued to the client after delivery, for use in specific devices. This implies that any reproduced copies only operate in the originally licensed device and the licensed product. Producers ought to collaborate with network experts such that if any attempt to reproduce digital materials in a device is sensed from any location. This requires a great deal of partnership, involving the hardware manufacturers who should install the electronic tracking units in the hardware devices. The devices can be configured to send information to central location for monitoring copyright reproduction. Campidoglio M., Frattolillo F & Landolfi F, 2009, "The Copyright Protection Problem: Challenges and Suggestions", ICIW, 2009, Internet and Web Applications and Services, International Conference on, Internet and Web Applications and Services, International Conference on 2009, pp.

Heredity, Genetics and Protein Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Heredity, Genetics and Protein Synthesis - Essay Example In ancient times, people wondered how babies were born and why they share many characteristics of their parents. For long it was a mystery, until Gregor Mandel, an Austrian monk introduced some principles that formed the basis of modern genetics. He explained that these characteristics or heritable properties are transferred as units called genes. (Sharma 2005, p.2). With the development in science and availability of modern research techniques, it was soon confirmed that these genes are nucleotide sequence in a DNA molecule. This sequence is like an instruction manual of how characteristics will be developed in an individual. As Mandel had explained earlier, one characteristic or gene is inherited from each parent. But where are these genes located and how they are transferred from parents to offspring? This was the question that was soon answered following a year after Mandel’s death. It was initially proposed that genetic material is located in nucleus. Walter Sutton and Th eodore Boveri proposed in 1903, that genes are carried in special structures called chromosomes. (Sharma 2005, p.14). Genes are set of instruction carried by special molecules called Deoxyribonucleac Acid or DNA. It is this molecule that winds around histone proteins to form a chromosome. DNA has a unique structure that enables it to preserve and transfer genetic material. DNA is a double stranded, anti parallel helical structure with a deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate backbone. Each nucleotide has either a purine or pyramidine nitrogenous base attached to it. Guacine pairs with cytosine and thymine pairs with adenine on complementary strands. This variable sequence of base pair is actually the genetic code. A specific gene is present at fixed location on a chromosome called locus. There are 23 pairs of chromosome present in a somatic cell of a human being and each parent contributes one chromosome to form that pair. How these chromosomes are transferred from parents to offspring? The answer is simple; gametes of each parent contain 23 chromosomes and when two gametes fuse these chromosomes are added together in one cell called zygote. All the subsequent cells that are formed from zygote by the process of mitosis contain identical genetic material. So any somatic cell has a pair of same chromosome, one from mother and one from father. As mentioned earlier, genes are present at fixed locations on a chromosome. If there is a pair of chromosome it means there will be two sets of same gene, one from each parent present at the same loci. The base sequence of these two sets of genes may not be same and this variation in gene is called an allele. (Kail & Cavanaugh 2007, p.44). Now important question is which of these two genes will be expressed in the offspring? Remember that genetic makeup of an individual is called genotype and its physical expression is a phenotype. In most cases, both alleles are expressed to produce a phenotype. Sickle cell disease is caused by mutation in the beta haemoglobin gene. When this gene is expressed it forms an abnormal protein which causes alteration in the shape of red blood cell from biconcave disk to sickle shaped (Bloom, 1995). As part of previous discussion, this gene also has two alleles inherited from each parent. An individual with only one mutated gene will not get this disease because the other normal gene will also be expressed and compensate for abnormal gene. This is a very good example of how genes are key determinants of human characteristics. Not all sequences in a DNA represent a gene. All the genetic material in nucleus and in mitochondria together is called a genome. Only 1% f this genome is actually genes. Thousand of these genes guide species in growth and development of other characteristics. One gene

Pervasiveness of marketing in todays society

Pervasiveness of marketing in todays society Marketing affects our everyday lives from the moment we wake up and go to sleep, such as what type of car that we drive, what websites we visit during the day and what make of clothing we wear. These all affect how we behave in our everyday life and how we respond to things we see and hear within current affairs and the media. There are a number of definitions as to what marketing actually is and how it affects society. Kotler (2006) defines marketing as a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. However, the British Chartered Institute of Marketing (1984) describes it as the management process responsible for indentifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements probability, cited in Cooper et al (2005, p.554) Even though these are two different definitions, they both describe marketing as being a process and both mention the value of customer s .Many people think marketing is just about marketing goods and services, but there is much more scope than that as marketers can market almost anything, such as persons, properties, places and events, ideas and information to get through to their consumers. Marketing is said to be pervasive in todays society and Cambridge Dictionaries define pervasive as present, spread out or noticeable in every part of something or place.[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/pervasive]. I agree with this statement and think marketing is very pervasive in todays society and this essay will evaluate how pervasive marketing can be and how it affects consumers recognising brands and their behaviour towards certain market strategies. This essay will also include a number of factors such as marketing psychology, globalisation of brands and marketing technology to help me prove and evaluate this claim I am agreeing with. Marketing technology is a good example to prove how pervasive marketing is in our lives. This is because an increase in social networking technology means marketing can be more spread out and noticeable. For example, marketers use social networking technology such as Facebook to stay in constant contact with their customer base and understand their needs and wants. Therefore, the more marketers know about people through Facebook, the more knowledge they develop about people and ideas, to result in new products to target them with. For example in the US Facebook has taken over Google and is second only to Google in the UK, proving the sheer popularity and usage of the social network site. [https://www.keynote.co.uk] Which has led to 250 million people logging on to Facebook per day and 200 million users have installed it on their phone [http://www.facebook.com], proving that it is a great distribution channel for marketers to sell and inform consumers about their ideas and products. T he Social Ads at the side of the page on Facebook offers is a space for companies to advertise themselves and their products to Facebook users. The company can chose what consumers see their advert by typing in keywords such as, age, sex, hobbies, political views, relationship status, education and location and then relate this to their product. For example, Dominoes Pizza use this lot to advertise themselves to their consumer base as their company is usually within these Social Ads.[ http://www.facebook.com] Therefore, the rise in the popularity of social network technology has resulted in marketing being more pervasive because its around everybody that uses Facebook all the time, even though they might not notice it. Another example to support that marketing technology has led to marketing being more pervasive is by the globalisation of brands. As technology advances in transportation, shipping and communication have made it easier for companies to market in other countries. Kotle r, Keller (2006, p.103) Therefore this means it is easier for consumers to buy products globally and travel anywhere for the experience of these products in other countries and experience local tastes and culture. This clearly, shows that marketing is pervasive because it is everywhere you go despite which country you are in and what type of behavioural or geo-demographic characteristics you have. Another example that has led marketing to become more pervasive is marketing psychology. For example, companies such as LOreal use a number of different physiological strategies to get through to their consumer base. This can be shown by companies repeating their adverts and pairing products to have a positive familiarisation connection with the consumer. This type of physiology is used for companies to help market their brands. For example, LOreal is not only known for its slogan because your worth it but it is also known for its faces of celebrities within the radio and television adverts, most commonly associated with Cheryl Cole and Halle Berry as their adverts are repeated on television throughout the day [http://www.loreal.co.uk]. Resembling a brand with a slogan and celebrity is a clever way of marketing because when consumers see the celebrity there is a stimulus to the brand and when they see the brand, there is a stimulus to the celebrity, so in turn makes a positive resemb lance. One physiological strategy is to transfer the meaning from an unconditioned stimulus to explain why certain brand names show strong effects on consumers. For example, Nike is known for Just Do It and McDonalds is known for Im Loving It. Therefore, once consumers here this slogan they automatically recognise that brand due to their marketing slogan, which differentiates it from other brands such as Nike from Addidas and McDonalds from Burger king and gives it the uniqueness. Therefore this shows that psychological factors help marketing become more pervasive in that in results in certain stimulus, which can result in certain behaviour towards that product. The Cola-cola Company has recently been hailed as a company with inspirational marketing, as their profits soar, for example, they have recently announced a 13% revenue increase from last year, proving they are doing something right as sales have increased [http://www.marketingweek.co.uk]. This could however, been down to their marketing and psychology strategies, as the emphasis on their adverts watched by consumers relate to happiness. If a consumer receives this message from a brand, it is likely they will consider buying their products because they will have a positive attitude towards it. This has led to their most recent advert from February 2011 called Siege currently being shown in the USA, to bring across a message to their consumers that coke has the power to bring happiness and optimism, even the darkest situations. [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com]. Therefore, this shows companies can use a certain type of hidden message to make their consumers feel happy and in turn r esult in customer loyalty. This shows, to an extent that marketing is pervasive because it is in all types of adverts even though some consumers might not recognise it. Marketing is used in order to influence society and our behaviours when we see things. Most marketing is related to private companies marketing their goods and services in order to create and demand and in turn a profit for their company. However, there are some marketing acts that can be used for non profitable reasons such as health issues to protect society. For example, in late 2009 the government launched a new NHS act, the F.A.S.T campaign, to boost awareness in society and to get people to act fast if they think somebody is suffering from a stroke and to call emergency services, as soon as possible. The campaign has been marketed on posters, Facebook, television adverts and on the radio [http://www.nhs.uk/], and is still a popular advert on the television today. This market campaign again has a strong psychological status to it as the television adverts are almost like an interactive test, and shows what each letter means and what to look out for, so the next time you see the advert you remember what each letter stands for and what to do if it happens. However, this marketing campaign, led to an increase of an extra 55% in calls to the emergency services, reporting a stroke, not all of which were correct [http://optimistworld.com]. Therefore this shows that it isnt just private companies that market ideas to their consumers, and even though some of these calls arent correct, it has certainly forced a change in society as more people are aware of this, showing its pervasiveness across the private and public sector in terms of marketing. However, there are some types of marketing to argue that marketing isnt pervasive in todays society. For example, de-marketing is known as attempts to discourage customers in general or a certain class of customers in particular on either a temporary or permanent basis, Phillips (1971) cited from [http://www.bukisa.com/article]. Therefore this means, de-marketing is completely the reverse from marketing, and normally results in decrease of prices and less advertising. Contemporary examples of this would include cigarette smoking as smoking adverts have been banned and cigarette machines have been banned. The BBC states that there is an upcoming advert being shown across the UK later this month, to show smokers that even though roll up cigarettes are bad, there are not as dangerous as packet cigarettes[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news] This shows that de-marketing isnt pervasive because they are trying to decrease the demand of cigarettes smoked, which has obviously resulted in less advertis ement. This means that consumers do not have a physiological stimulus with cigarettes, without an advert because there is not a particular picture or slogan to resemble its familiarity with. This has led to decrease of 26% of school trying cigarettes from 1983 till 2009 [https://www.keynote.co.uk]. Therefore, less advertisement of the product, will give consumers less knowledge of the brand, and will challenge customer loyalty, showing all marketing isnt pervasive because de-marketing strategies are implemented to decrease the demand for something and in turn decreasing how popular, noticeable and spread out it is. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay suggests that marketing is pervasive in todays society because marketing is a common activity across the globe and has been made easier by recent improvements in technology as mentioned above. Without marketing, companies would have no demand for their product and consumers would have no products for their own wants and needs. Therefore, it is clear to say, marketing is pervasive within society due to everyday activities such as social networking as companies can find out exactly what consumers want and how to target them with specific segment demands to create a certain product. All achieved with market research from the help of Facebook and Google. However, marketing is only pervasive to a certain extent because other marketing strategies such as de-marketing prove that not all marketing is linked to a behavioral stimulus or recognition of brands and in turn making it less spread out. Considering this, there are a lot more varied reasons why marketing is p ervasive in everyday life rather than it not, because if it wasnt spread out and around us all the time we would live a limited lifestyle with no high demand for change in society.

Galileo :: essays research papers

Galileo Galilei was one of the greatest astronomer and mathematician of the seventeenth century. His support of support of Copernican cosmology against the Church’s strong opposition and his development of a telescope and his unorthodox opinions as philosopher of science were the central concerns of his career. He struggled brutally for freedom from the higher authority because of unable to resist his appetite for scientific investigation. However, Galileo’s science and career did not get him any where farther in his life; he was forced to withdraw his theories before the inquisition, and was sentenced to indefinite imprisonment by the pope and eventually became blind. Life of Galileo is visualized clearly in Bertolt Brecht’s the most fascinating novel Galileo. Galileo is one of Brecht’s truly brilliant characters, immensely alive complex human.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout his life Galileo dedicated himself to science and research and discovered many amazing things; one of them was a telescope. The observation of the sky, which Galileo carried out with his telescope led to the discovery of the satellites of Jupiter and to Galileo’s increased adherence the Copernican system. He studied Saturn and observed the phases of Venus and the sunspots. In between his studies and discoveries Galileo began to encounter serious opposition of the motion of the earth. He discovered that it was earth that roll around the sun. “By that time, with any luck, they will be learning that the earth rolls round the sun, and that their mother, the captains, the scholars, the princes, and the Pope are rolling with it'; (Galileo, pg49). Galileo’s theory about motion of earth was judged as erroneous by Cardinal Bellarmino because it went against the doctrine of the Church. He believed that the god was the one who created this world the best way he could and that is the way it should remain. The god is the only one who has all the wisdom, knowledge, and power and he knows his work better than anybody does else does. “Does it not appear more probable even to you that the Creator knows more about his work that the Created?'; (Galileo, pg79). Furthermore, the Cardinal also believed that once the thing is written in the Holy bible and approved by many scholars it can not be changed; because by changing anything or questioning anything about god’s creation would be like questioning the god. And this would completely destroy many people’ faith in god.